Best Ways to Keep Your House Warm – New Construction and Remodeling Tips

We aren't at the North Pole, but we get plenty of cold weather here in Northeast Wisconsin. We're in USDA hardiness zone 4/5 and we have wind 9 days out of 10. (Our area is one of the windiest in the state.)  Our home is built with the local climate in mind. We did a lot of research before building, so we put together a post to share what we feel are the best ways to keep your house warm in winter.

This post is part of our Winter Home Heating Series, which includes:

• Keeping Warm – Winter Prep Check List for You and Your Home
• 25 Cheap Ways to Keep Your House Warm in Winter
• Emergency Heat During a Power Outage and other Winter Storm Preps

Best Ways to Keep Your House Warm in Winter

The best ways to keep your house warm in winter combine preventing heat loss and generating heat. A well built house keeps you warm in winter and cool in summer. It holds up during emergency situations like extended power outages. Money invested during building or remodeling smart will pay you back many times over in reduced heating and cooling bills.

Good Insulation is Critical

Seriously, insulate! Good house insulation matters in the winter and summer. It will pay back especially as fuel prices increase. You can do it yourself. See the national map and insulate based on where you are.

House insulation is key and remember, wall insulation is as important as attic insulation. If you are building a new home, make sure to insulate exterior walls. Start with 2×6 walls with high R factor roll insulation between the studs. Then add 2″ exterior rigid foam insulation. Place the exterior insulation so that the seams don't align with the seams in the OSB sheathing. If you are re-siding a home, consider adding 2 inch rigid R10 foam boards on the outside of walls under new exterior siding to improve the wall insulation (R value).

You want to avoid air flow paths through the wall, so make sure outlets and any other wall penetrations are well-insulated. Select windows and doors that exceed the home insulation requirements for your normal weather. Add foam insulation in nooks and crannies during construction to reduce airflow and eliminate insulation gaps. Potentially insulate interior walls if you have areas of the home that could be unoccupied during a winter emergency. Insulation can also be added to reduce noise transmission in the home.

Our walls are ICF (Insulated Concrete Forms), which is concrete sandwiched in foam insulation. This creates a very good thermal mass and excellent insulation. If it's in the budget, ICF is a great home insulation option for reducing heating and cooling costs.

Recommended Home Insulation R– Values Table
Source: EnergyStar.Gov 

Zone	Add Insulation to Attic	Floor
Uninsulated Attic	Existing 3–4 Inches of Insulation
1	R30 to R49	R25 to R30	R13
2	R30 to R60	R25 to R38	R13 to R19
3	R30 to R60	R25 to R38	R19 to R25
4	R38 to R60	R38	R25 to R30
5 to 8	R49 to R60+	R38 to R49	R25 to R30
Wall Insulation: Whenever exterior siding is removed on an   Uninsulated wood-frame wall: Drill holes in the sheathing and blow insulation into the empty wall cavity before installing the new siding, and Zones 3–4: Add R5 insulative wall sheathing beneath the new siding Zones 5–8: Add R5 to R6 insulative wall sheathing beneath the new siding. Insulated wood-frame wall: For Zones 4 to 8: Add R5 insulative sheathing before installing the new siding.

Add Thermal Mass for Heat Storage

Keep your house warm by adding mass that holds the heat. If you use wood or wood pellet heat, add a brick chimney INSIDE the envelope of the home. Place it near the center of the home if possible,  so chimney heat loss radiates inside the envelope of the house. A sealed combustion fireplace or masonry stove will act as a heat reservoir in the heat of your home.

Lay heavy insulation under sand, under the basement floor and along the foundation walls, with radiant tubing (hydronic tubes) to permit in floor heating. Deep heat in the basement floor really keeps the house warm. Insulation under the sand bed reduces heat loss into the soil under and around the foundation. Even if you don't insulate, make sure to put a moisture barrier under your basement slab. This will reduce mold and mildew issues in the basement.

Fish tanks, big plants, heavy furniture, filled book shelves – all of these can add a small amount of thermal mass to help store heat in your home. For those building with alternative materials like cob or strawbales, building in benches or large planters can add a much larger amount of thermal mass.

Two Heat Sources are Better Than One

If possible, have more than one source for heat. The old adage, “two is one and one is none” can keep you from freezing your tail off. If once heat source fails, you can still keep warm. Mixing heating options also makes it easier to get the heat right where you need it.

Home heating options include:

• Ben Franklin type stoves from manufacturers such as: US Stove, Englander, Lopi Endeavor or Drolet
• Pellet stoves
• An Amish stove, which can provide heat, cooking, and hot water.
• Standard forced air heating
• Boiler system with hydronic heat for baseboard heating or in floor heating
• Masonry stove, fireplace or rocket mass heater
• Geothermal heating and cooling
• Propane space heaters such as the Mr. Heater F274830 MH18BRV Big Buddy Grey 
• Electric space heaters

Note: If possible provide an exterior air feed for the fireplace/stove, to reduce interior heat loss to the fireplace. If you have a wood burning fireplace or stove make sure you are closing it down appropriately and keeping the chimney clean.

Choose the Right Windows and Doors

Consider storm windows and storm doors. Even a small gap between the exterior door and the storm door reduces heat loss (and gain). Vinyl window frames transfer less heat than metal frames, and are more durable than wood. Triple pane or argon filled windows may be appropriate for the north side of the home where you don't get winter sun and you want to minimize heat loss. Look for high r-values and tight seals, and make sure the windows and doors are properly installed. The best window on the planet won't keep out the cold if there are air leaks all around it.

Add an Enclosed Porch

Consider adding a “portal” to enter and exit the home. An old fashioned enclosed porch entry allows entry without exposing the interior directly to the outside. That area also provides seasonal storage. We keep our big compost bucket in our enclosed porch, as well as winter squash and some other fruits and veggies.

You can also put your attic access through the porch ceiling, so you don't lose heat inside your house to your attic.

Get a Backup Generator

Get a generator, or if you have the money, a solar electric system. In the winter, a generator is a better bet, as the days are short and gray in the coldest of the winter. A dual fuel generator is a handy option, because they can run off of gasoline or propane. Size the generator to keep critical services running – such as electric ignitions on heating systems, blowers and pumps. See “Emergency Power Options for Your Home – Gas Generators and More” for more detailed information.

Take Advantage of Passive Solar Heating

Put the sun to work for you with smart placement of your home. Lay the house out so the main living area faces south. Place the majority of windows on the south side of the house, and pair them up with an overhang to keep out summer sun. Check out “Passive Solar Heating Basics – A Free Energy Way to Heat Your Home” for more info and photos of how we use passive solar heating in our home.

Use a Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV)

A very tight house can tempt you to open windows or doors in the middle of winter because the house gets stuffy. Instead, consider a heat recovery ventilator (HRV). An HRV vents stale inside air and pulls in fresh outside air. The two streams pass inside the unit, and heat is recovered from the outgoing air and transferred to the incoming air. An HRV with higher CFM is better. (CFM = Cubic Feet per Minute. )

In our home, the fresh air is routed up to the bonus room above the garage to promote circulation throughout the home. Stale air is pulled in via return vents around the home. We turn the HRV on periodically in the winter to reduce the chance of mold and freshen the house.

Reduce Wind Heat Loss with Plantings, Berms and Fences

Airflow past your home can wick heat away, so adding outside elements that reduce the wind can also help reduce your heating bill.

Treelines

Plant a treeline to protect from prevailing winds. Organizations such as the Arbor Day Foundation and soil stewardship groups supply trees at a big discount, but quality may vary.

Here are a few sources for less expensive windbreak trees (remember you need to buy for your zone and local climate)

• We recommend Cold Stream Farm. We bought most of our windbreak trees from them. The trees arrived safely and are good quality.
• If you are looking for food crop trees, we like:
  • St. Lawrence Nursery – wide variety of unique hardy trees
  • Grandpas Orchard – apples, pears, peaches & plums
  • Stark Brothers Nursery – wide variety of edible and decorative trees, plants and shrubs.
• Arbor Day

Berms

If you have the space for it and don't mind the asthetics, add an earth berm the north and west sides of the home. This means building basement walls roughly 4ft higher, so earth can be up against the side of the 1st floor of the house just under the level of the first floor windows. The earth berm reduces heat loss and provides ground temperature (earth stays in the 40s so it measurably reduces heat loss on the west and north.

Snow Fencing or Permanent Fencing

A snow fence is a fence that is put up seasonally to control where snow drops and change drifting patterns. See the post How to Put Up a Snow Fence for more information. Even a small snow fence can break the strong winds somewhat. A permanent fence may be the best choice if you want privacy and reduced winds. If you want the winds in the summer to cool your home, a seasonal fence is a better choice.

Side note on this series – August started writing one really crazy long post, which Laurie broke into several posts to hopefully make it more user friendly. Leave a comment to share your tips or questions about building for warmth.

You may also find helpful:

• Emergency Cooking – 10 Ways to Have a Hot Meal When the Power Goes Out
• 5 Things You Need to Know Before You Buy a Wood Burning Stove
• Winter Vehicle Maintenance Checklist and Preparing a Winter Vehicle Emergency Kit and
• other posts in the Common Sense Preparedness series